Individual individuality personality in social science. Human definition in social science. What have we learned

Personality Autonomy an inner feeling of dependence only on oneself, the ability to a certain extent to control events that affect one's own

Personality is a systemic quality acquired by an individual in objective activity, in communication and in cognition and characterizing the degree of representation of social relations in an individual, in the context of a moral, social and aesthetic ideal. Speaking of personality, usually

As you know, a person is a concrete person who has self-consciousness. The structure of the personality lies in the unity of socially significant mental connections and social properties and actions, the formation of which proceeded in the course of the development of the individual and determined his behavioral skills.

Personality can be considered from the point of view of psychology, sociology, history and other sciences, including the physiology of the body. How does social science characterize personality?

The complexity of the process of becoming

In social science, a personality is a set of social properties of a person, an individual who has developed under the influence of society and fits into the system of social and social ties.

The process of educating a personality develops only in the course of socialization. It is associated with the adoption of the normative-value system that has developed in society, its social and social functions and the development of self-awareness. The basis for the formation of personality are social and social relations.

A necessary condition for the upbringing and formation of the social "I" should be the establishment of strong contacts with the surrounding people, which entails involvement in social groups.

The absence of this process leads to social isolation and the transformation of the individual into a feral person (specialists call this state the “Mowgli phenomenon”). Such people cannot be individuals and do not have social behavioral skills. Failing to integrate into society, feral people die very soon. Therefore, they say that in social science a person is an individual included in the social environment, which induces a biological being through the acceptance of society to become a person.

Distinctive features

Personality is personification characteristic features a society that is at the same time typical, individual and social. Therefore, personality must be formed as an individually expressed phenomenon. Consequently, the term "personality in social science" characterizes a person who is distinguished by independence in decisions, behavior and thinking, as well as self-sufficiency.

The role in society, performed by a person, develops and has meaning and significance only in a certain society. It is here that the individual is a representative of the social cell of society or a time period in history. At the same time, the personality is distinguished by its uniqueness, since the typical and socio-social is accomplished in a subjective form inherent in it. And, of course, one more important reason for exclusively individual characteristics cannot be discounted. This is a gene set obtained from ancestors. It is known to be unique in itself.

The modern personality is characterized by four most important qualities: communication skills, spirituality, social status and individuality.

The study of personality

In social science, a person is a person who has socially defined and subjectively expressed traits, such as will, intelligence, and emotional reactivity.

Psychology and philosophy also study the concept of "personality". The definition in social science and other sciences emphasizes the strong connection of man as a representative of Homo sapiens and society. There are two scientific approaches to this connection.

First approach

Recognizes the personality as an active and free participant in social relations, as a subject of knowledge that has an impact on changing the world. At the same time, qualities that determine an adequate self-assessment of the characteristics of an individual and his lifestyle are considered personal. People in society will certainly evaluate the personality through comparison with generally accepted norms. And the man himself, having a mind, constantly evaluates himself. And, of course, self-esteem changes, depending on the socio-social conditions in which the individual exists, and his actions in them.

Second approach

Claims that in social science, a person is a certain set of functions or social roles. A person, acting in society, manifests himself, starting from his individual characteristics, and necessarily from the conditions of society. And in different circumstances in different ways. Here you can see how the role of the individual changes in the history of social science. For example, under the tribal system, family relationships required certain actions, but today family relationships have changed radically.

Personality typification

In science, there are many methods that provide an opportunity to give an accurate definition of whether an individual belongs to a certain type.

As can be seen from the table, there are several typologies.

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Target: to give an idea of ​​the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality"

Tasks:

Educational:

• To characterize the concepts of individual, individuality, personality;
• Reveal the correlation of biological and social conditions for personality development

Developing:

• Contribute to the development of skills in working with the text of the textbook, analysis and generalization
• proposed material

Educational:

• Contribute to the education of respect for the person, the individual.

• Man, approaches to his study.
• Individual and individuality (originality of human manifestations)
• Personality.

Type of lesson: lesson learning new material.

Technology: IT, problem-based learning method

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector

Basic concepts: person, individual, individuality, personality

Homework: paragraph 2, write an essay on the topic “Man is unthinkable outside of society” L.N. Tolstoy

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Checking homework.

Students read poems on a given topic.

Frontal survey on topics covered

Sample questions:

1. What is a society?

2. What areas of public life do you know?

3. Are the spheres of public life interconnected (examples)

3. Introductory conversation

Lesson topic announcement

Setting the goal of the lesson: to characterize the concepts: a person, an individual, a person, to identify the relationship between biological and social conditions for the development of a person.

4. Man, approaches to his study.

In modern science, there are over 800 disciplines that study man and society. Biology, genetics, medicine, psychology, history, sociology are just some of them. Despite the many scientific disciplines, there is still a lot of controversial and unknown in the origin and nature of man and society.

The first man appeared on Earth approximately 2.5 - 3 million years ago. Together with the first people, human society inevitably arose.

Let's take a look at the concept of "person". Who is such a person? (student answers)

Man is an integral biosocial being. At the same time, an organism in a number of other organisms (a representative of Homo sapiens), the creator and bearer of the culture of human society.

There are many theories about the origin of man. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

The main theories of the origin of man

1. To date, many adherents have the theory divine origin, or theological. Within five days, God created light and peace. On the sixth day God created man:

26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.

27. And God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.

The Koran, the holy book of Muslims, says that Allah created the world with the help of the life-giving word “kun” (“be”). The creation of heaven and earth took two days. It took four days to create what is on Earth. God created the first man from the dust of the earth, “from ringing clay”. God "created him with a better constitution and breathed soul into him."

In Judaism, God is the creator of all things. Brahma created brahmins (priests) from his mouth, kshatriyas (warriors) from his mighty hands, vaishyas (farmers) from his stomach, and sudras (servants) from dusty feet. These are the four main castes in Indian society.

All peoples of the world have their own legends about the creation of the world and man by higher powers.

2. The development of astronautics, the popularity of science fiction, the inability of science to immediately answer many important questions, interest in paranormal activity- all this contributed to the emergence ufological theory(from UFO - the English abbreviation for UFO). The essence of the theory is the assumption of the settlement of the Earth by aliens from outer space.

Man almost simultaneously appeared in Central Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, i.e. in regions separated by very large distances. On the walls of the Temple of the Sun in Central America, on the Egyptian pyramids, on the walls of the Sumerian temples, ancient images of aircraft similar to modern spaceships were found.

Natural-science (materialistic) theories are associated primarily with the names of Ch. Darwin and F. Engels.

By the beginning of the 19th century, a huge amount of factual material had been accumulated in botany and zoology, which needed to be systematized. New evolutionary theory and it was created. This was done by Charles Robert Darwin. In 1859 he published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.... The main scientific merit of Darwin is that he identified the driving factor of evolution - natural selection: the preservation, the survival of the fittest organisms in the struggle for existence. Natural selection is based on variation and heredity. But Darwin's theory did not answer the question why man differs from monkeys in upright posture, developed forelimbs, and a large brain volume.

Adherents labor theory agreed that the appearance of the above differences was due to the systematic activity in the manufacture and use of tools, at first primitive, and then more and more perfect. In his work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man,” F. Engels concluded: “Labor made a man out of a monkey.” It was under the influence of labor activity and the manufacture of labor tools that such qualitative characteristics of a person as consciousness, speech were formed, various forms of human community developed.

Today there are facts that cannot be explained by this theory. For example, tool making skills are not written into the genes. Each new generation learns again the skills of labor activity.

Anomaly theory was put forward in 1903 by the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov in the book “Etudes on the Nature of Man”. Mechnikov writes: “From the sum of all known data, we have the right to conclude that man represents a halt in the development of the anthropoid ape of an earlier era. He is something like a monkey "freak" not from an aesthetic, but purely from a zoological point of view. Man can be considered as an “extraordinary” child of great apes, a child born with a much more developed brain and mind than his parents ... An abnormally large brain, enclosed in a voluminous skull, allowed for the rapid development of mental abilities much more powerful than those of his parents ... We know that sometimes extraordinary children are born, differing from their parents in some new, very developed abilities ... We have to admit that some types of organisms do not obey slow development, but appear suddenly, and that in this case nature makes a significant leap. Man probably owes his origin to such a phenomenon.

At that time, the anomaly theory was not widely used. But in the 1960s, the situation changed. Data have accumulated on the impact on a person and even on his genetic code of magnetic anomalies and fluctuations in solar activity. A radiation anomaly has been discovered on the alleged ancestral home of mankind. As a result of volcanic activity several million years ago, a fault occurred there earth's crust in places of occurrence of uranium ores and the background radiation increased. The monkeys living in this area may have given birth to various mutants, including those who were physically weak, but had a relatively large brain. Trying to survive, the mutants began to use different tools and probably evolved to modern man. But there are no facts that absolutely confirm these assumptions.

Thus, the mystery of the origin of man is still very far from being solved.

Which theory do you think is the most convincing? Why? (student answers)

Nevertheless, two approaches to the study of man can be distinguished.

Undoubtedly, man is an amazing and immensely interesting creature. Since ancient times, man has tried to find out his nature, essence.

Filling in the table “Philosophical search for the essence of man” (working with the text of the textbook)

It can be assumed that this table is not complete, because the search for the essence of man continues.

4. Individual and individuality

How often one hears about a person who stands out among others: “He is an individuality!”. Close in sound and origin to this word is the concept of “individual”. In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them in meaning. Let's consider these differences.

1. a single representative of the entire human race;

2. man - as one of the people.

For the first time the concept of "individual" was used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. From the Greek "atom" - an individual.

The term “individuality” makes it possible to characterize the differences of a person from other people, implying not only the appearance, but also the totality of socially significant qualities.

Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties.

Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may be different. Examples: Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolo Machiavelli.

5. Personality. The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person.

Personality -

1. the human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity;

2. a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society.

Approaches to the study of personality:

1. Through the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics: a) a person is an active participant in his actions;

b) other people's assessment of a person's personality in accordance with the norms;

c) self-esteem.

2. Through a set of functions, roles.

The study of personality through role characteristics necessarily implies a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them.

Thus, the concept of "personality" is connected with the concept of "society".

6. Summing up.

So, in the course of the lessons, we got acquainted with the concepts of a person, an individual, a personality, revealed the correlation of biological and social conditions for the development of a personality.

7. Reflection. Working with basic concepts.

1. Knowledge of the term “individual”

From the list of words below, choose one that fits this sentence.

A person as a separate representative of the human community, a carrier of individually special features is called:

b) the figure;

c) an individual;

d) a person;

e) personality.

2. On the knowledge of the main features that characterize the personality:

From the list of signs, select those that characterize a person as a person:

a) the winner of the erudite contest;

b) a tall person;

c) the “soul” of the team;

d) ready to help at any moment

8. Grading, announcement of homework.

Man, individual and personality are the key concepts of psychology, which are no less important in social science, since man is the main element of society. What is the difference in these three terms?

Human.

Human is a biological term. This is a link in the development of living beings on our planet. Homo sapiens in the form in which they exist now existed tens of thousands of years ago. Biological, physiological, anatomical structures have not changed significantly during this time. But the difference between a modern university student and an ancient Mesopotamian hunter is obvious to everyone. What is this difference?

Individual.

Individual translated from Latin (individuum) means "indivisible". This is a specific representative of humanity, a human being, which has psychological and biological features characteristic only of it. A more extended concept individuality, that is, the combination of these biological and psychological qualities that distinguishes this particular individual from the rest.

Thus, an individual is a specific person with his own characteristics given to him from birth, individuality is already more a psychological term than a biological one - a set of skills (character, skills, knowledge) acquired in the process of life.

Personality.

Personality- the most difficult concept. This social image of a person. It is the society that forms the personality out of the individual. This is what distinguishes man from animal. An individual raised separately from the rest, for example, on a desert island, will become an individual. But it will not become a person, because the key factor here is communication and relationships with other people. To become a person, a person goes through the path socialization, and its formation occurs throughout life.

Basic elements of socialization:

• communication;
• upbringing;
• education;
• mass media;
• social control system.

In the process of socialization (personality formation), a person develops physical skills and abilities, psychological characteristics, moral factors, scientific knowledge, political worldviews, religious values, etc. Sociologist Leontiev characterized personality as a set of social relations that are realized in various types activities. Simply put, the individual is a member of society, and in this definition - everything that can be meant by this.

The difference between the concepts of man, individual and personality.

The difference between the concepts of man, individual and personality in order. Those who are not very familiar with sociology and psychology can easily be explained with a simple example from life.

Let's say you started playing a computer RPG - a game like Fallout or Skyrim. First you choose a race - elf, dwarf or human. This is the concept of man, that is, the biological difference from other types of creatures. From the very beginning, your character has certain skills and abilities (strength, endurance, intelligence, etc.). In this form, at the very start of the game, we have an individual who differs from the rest (in many games you set these initial parameters yourself) with features given from birth. In the gameplay, your character develops, acquires new character traits, knowledge, abilities, and by the end of the game we have a hero with a certain charisma and karma, a set of skills that is completely different from the one we got at the beginning. This is what personality is.

There are many such comparisons (even with World of Tanks), but the point is to understand that a person is born, and a person becomes in the process of communication and interaction with other members of society.

modern science about the development of man.

Human activities and needs.

The concept of "personality". Socialization of the individual.

Social status and social roles of the individual.

Freedom and responsibility of the individual.

Modern science of the formation of man

From the moment of appearance on Earth and until the beginning of the XXI century. century man has come a long way of development. If we mentally look at the entire path of mankind, we will see what huge changes have occurred in the way of life of people, in their appearance, forms of communication and in the environment. Scientists are sure that not a single living creature on the planet has changed so much during this time. Only man could transform himself so significantly and transform the world.

There are many versions of the appearance of man on Earth. The most common of these are divine, cosmic and evolutionary theories. divine theory claims that man, like all life on our planet, was created by God. space theory says that life on our planet was brought from outer space, from other worlds. evolutionary theory notes that man arose in the course of the natural and long evolution of life on Earth.

But, despite such a variety of theories on the problem of the origin of man, science asserts with a sufficient degree of certainty that ancient people appeared on Earth about 3 million years ago in Africa. At the same time, primitive man differed significantly from modern people. He could not speak, but only made animal-like sounds, his appearance strongly reminiscent of a monkey (low, sloping forehead, protruding jaw, strongly pronounced superciliary arches, stoop), the volume of his brain was much smaller than that of a person of our time. But at the same time, the most ancient people lived and worked together and differed from animals in the ability to manufacture and use the simplest tools. According to scientists, it was labor activity that contributed to the separation of man from the animal world.

Formation of man modern look went in the following ways:

1) upright posture;

2) improvement of the hand;

3) improvement of the brain;

4) the formation of labor skills.

Such a person (in science he is called homo sapiens - “reasonable person”) appeared about 40 thousand years ago. By this time, man had learned to speak, make fire, sew clothes and build a dwelling. In collective labor activity, man developed as a social, social being.

The question of the nature of man is the question of his difference from all other living beings. Man is a part of nature, exists as a biological body within a certain environment. On the one hand, he is a material organism, lives in an environment of his own kind, has innate instincts and vital needs. But at the same time, unlike animals, a person has articulate speech, consciousness, self-awareness and abstract (logical) thinking. Man is the only creature on the planet in which nature and spirit are combined, he is biosocial being.

This is what is given to him by nature - physical characteristics (age, gender, weight, appearance, etc.), instincts, temperament, etc. As a natural biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, grows old and dies.

This is what he acquires in the process of living in society: speech, thinking, cultural skills, communication skills, etc. In this case, the main difference is consciousness. Consciousness is a reflection of the surrounding world in the human brain. Consciousness includes the psyche (feelings, memory, emotions, will) and thinking.

Humans are distinguished from animals by the following features:

man produces his own environment (dwellings, tools, household items);

a person changes the world around him not only according to his needs, but also according to the laws of morality and beauty;

a person can act not only according to needs, but also according to his own will, fantasy and choice;

a person is able to act universally, and not only in relation to specific circumstances;

a person treats his life meaningfully, purposefully changes and plans his actions.

The above differences between a person and an animal characterize his nature: it, being biological, does not consist only in the natural life of a person. A person goes beyond the limits of his biological nature, he is capable of such actions that do not bring him any benefit: he is characterized by altruism, he distinguishes between good and evil, justice and injustice, he is capable of self-sacrifice.

Thus, man is not only a natural, but also a social being, living in a special world - in society. He is born with a set of biological traits inherent in him as a biological species. He becomes a reasonable man under the influence of society. He learns the language, perceives social norms of behavior, assimilates socially significant values ​​that regulate social relations, and performs certain social functions.

Together, these qualities - both innate and acquired in society - characterize the biological and social nature of man.

Human activities and needs

In everyday life, activity is understood as any kind of human activity. In social science, the concept of activity is more complex.

This is the way of human existence. This is the adaptation of man to the environment and its transformation.

All living beings interact with environment. However, man, unlike other living organisms, not only adapts to natural conditions but also transforms nature and its processes to meet its needs and achieve its goals.

In the structure of human activity, one should distinguish the following elements:

subject - the one who carries out the activity;

the object is what the activity is directly aimed at;

goal - a mental model of the result of activity, this is exactly what distinguishes human activity from animal behavior;

means of achieving the goal;

activity results.

Activity appears in the most diverse forms, and the forms of activity and its types become more and more diverse with the course of history. Public relations are formed on the basis of the whole variety of socially significant activities.

Allocate the following activities.

Practical (material) activity- aimed at transforming nature and society. It, in turn, is divided into:

spiritual activity- change of consciousness of people. It, in turn, is divided into:

All these activities are closely related. For example, the implementation of reforms (social transformational activities) should be preceded by an analysis of their possible consequences for the state (forecasting activities).

In addition to types of activity, its forms are also distinguished. Forms of activity are knowledge, communication, work, play, teaching, creativity.

The main form of activity that determines all the rest is labor. is a type of human activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Labor is carried out under the influence of necessity and has the goal of transforming the objects of the surrounding world, turning them into products to satisfy the many and varied needs of people.

A distinctive feature characteristic of labor activity is the originality of its motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed, pre-expected results. Skill, skills, knowledge are necessary for the success of labor activity. In all cases of labor activity, its participants solve some specific problem, plan their actions, and anticipate the result. At its best, labor cannot do without initiative and creativity.

It is an activity that generates something qualitatively new, something that has never existed before. The significance of creativity in culture, science, politics is characterized by the fundamental novelty of the result obtained, commensurate with the needs of the time.

Creativity is multifaceted. It has an objective basis associated with the transformation of the world according to the laws of beauty, and a subjective creative idea, whim, artistic and scientific imagination, fantasy, allegorical expression of truth. Creativity is always associated with the development of personality, with its spiritual growth and improvement. Modern science recognizes that any person in one way or another has the ability to creative activity.

There is a connection between human needs and motives. - These are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs.

This is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain the human body and develop its spiritual qualities.

Human needs can be divided into three groups:

Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. For most people, social needs dominate the ideal. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, take a worthy position in society and live without material need. At the same time, geniuses, prominent scientists, writers, creators, great politicians and generals often have ideal needs as the leading ones in their lives.

The concept of "personality". Personality socialization

Often the terms "man", "individual", "personality" are used in scientific and fiction as close in meaning. However, from the point of view of social science, each concept has its own specifics.

One of the types of living creatures on Earth (as opposed to fish, birds, snakes, etc.), i.e. this concept denotes the universal abilities inherent in all people that distinguish us from the animal world.

A separate representative of the human race, the bearer of social and mental traits.

This is a unique combination of natural and social qualities in a particular person.

This is an individual as a carrier of social qualities. The concept of "personality" helps to characterize in a person the social beginning of his life, those properties and qualities that a person realizes in social relations, social institutions, culture, i.e. in social life, in the process of interaction with other people. The concept of "personality" characterizes the social position, place and role of the individual in the system of social relations.

Historically, man originally existed as a herd animal, a tribal creature. With the development of social factors, the isolation of individuals occurs, personalities begin to form. A similar process takes place in the individual development of man. Initially, a child is just a biological being, which has only instincts and reflexes. But as it develops, assimilation of the social experience of mankind, it gradually turns into a personality. Thus, the personal principle is not innate: a person from birth is given only the prerequisites for growing into a personality and further development of the personal principle.

The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person. A person is born as an organism, and is formed as a person. A person is not formed outside of society.

The assimilation of social experience by an individual, during which he is formed as a person, is associated with the concept of socialization.

This is the process of an individual's entry into society, his formation as a full-fledged "social being". Socialization includes:

training and education of the individual;

interaction with other people;

development of cultural values ​​and norms of society;

acquisition of certain rights, duties, attitudes, habits;

mastering the types of joint social activities;

finding one's place in society.

The need for socialization is due to the fact that social qualities are not inherited, they are acquired and developed. Socialization requires the active participation of the individual himself.

The process of socialization goes through certain stages, which are also called life cycles: childhood, youth, maturity and old age.

Associated with childhood and adolescence primary (early or initial) socialization. It is associated with the acquisition of general cultural knowledge, with the development of initial ideas about the world and the nature of human relationships. A separate stage of early socialization is adolescence. The special conflict nature of this age is connected with the fact that the possibilities and abilities of the child significantly exceed the rules and limits of behavior prescribed for him.

Associated with maturity secondary (continued) socialization. Its essence is the acquisition of special knowledge and skills, i.e. acquisition of a profession. At this stage, the social contacts of the individual, the range of his social roles, expand.

The third stage of socialization is conditionally associated with the onset of retirement age or disability. It is characterized by a change in lifestyle due to the exclusion from the full-fledged labor process.

The process of socialization is carried out through "helpers". These are the people and institutions that have a significant impact on socialization. These "helpers" are called agents of socialization. At each stage of the life path, its agents of socialization stand out.

During the period of primary socialization, the main agent is the family. In the period from 3 to 8 years, the circle of socialization agents expands significantly. These are educational and preschool institutions, friends, other people surrounding the child. An exceptionally important agent of socialization is the school. At school, children learn to work in a team, to correlate their needs with the interests of other children, to develop the skills of being in the public management structure (submission to teachers, head teacher, director, etc.).

Along with the "official" organizations, the agents of socialization for children and adolescents are peer groups, whose influence often outweighs that of the family. Thus, individuals in the environment of the child may have more authority than the parents. The mass media, especially television, is of great importance as an agent of socialization in modern society, distributing and replicating more and more role models (movie heroes, show business stars, advertising characters, etc.). Television imposes certain standards of behavior, lifestyles and life goals. Often such an impact deforms the child's consciousness, has a negative impact on his life priorities, and leads to conflicts with the older generation.

One of the results of socialization is the acquisition by a person of certain social statuses and the development of their corresponding social roles.

Social statuses and social roles

In the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.

social status- this is the position of an individual in society in accordance with his gender, age, education, marital status and occupation.

Allocate two types of social status.

Allocate also personal status- this is the position of a person in a small group (school class, yard company, sports team, etc.). Personal status is determined by the attitude towards the person of the people around him.

In any society there is a hierarchy of statuses. The assessment that society gives to the status of a person or official status is called social prestige. The status hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:

1) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

2) the system of values ​​characteristic of a given society.

Social status has a direct impact on the behavior of the individual. Each status position corresponds to a certain pattern of behavior, normatively approved and expected from everyone who occupies this position. This pattern of behavior is called a social role.

social role- these are those specific actions that an individual (or group) must perform in accordance with a particular social status.

These role-playing actions in each society are determined by the norms generally accepted in it. A number of norms are fixed in various documents (rules, charters, laws).

The discrepancy between status and role is called status-role conflict. In this case, the society applies certain sanctions to violators. For example, if a woman with the status of a “mother” does not fulfill her duties towards the child, does not take care of him properly, then society can apply sanctions such as public condemnation and “deprivation of parental rights” to her.

Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of these social roles is called role system. The variety of human statuses, as well as the variety of actions associated with each status, leads to a variety of role sets.

Despite the fact that the behavior of an individual is largely determined by the status that he occupies and the roles that he plays in society, the individual, nevertheless, retains his autonomy and a certain freedom of choice. An individual has the opportunity to choose from a variety of social statuses and roles those that allow him to better implement his plans, to use his abilities as efficiently as possible. Any role prescription outlines only the general scheme of human behavior, while retaining the possibility for him to choose the ways of its implementation.

The freedom of the individual in its various manifestations is the most important value of civilized mankind in modern society. The desire for freedom, liberation from the fetters of despotism, permeates the entire history of mankind. The value of freedom for self-realization of a person is indisputable. People have considerable freedom in determining the goals of their activities, as well as in choosing the means to achieve these goals.

Freedom is a special philosophical category. As the great German philosopher G. Hegel wrote, "freedom is a conscious necessity." This statement contains the idea that if this need is not comprehended, not realized by a person, he is her slave; if it is realized, then a person acquires the ability to make a decision "with knowledge of the matter." This is the expression of his free will. In other words, a truly free person will not be a slave to his momentary moods and passions.

No matter how people strive for freedom, they understand that there can be no absolute, unlimited freedom. A person is a member of society and is obliged to reckon with its laws, primarily because the complete freedom of one person would mean arbitrariness in relation to another.

Thus, Liberty- this is the ability of a person to create himself and the world of other people, to choose the image of the future world. Human freedom is preserved in any situation and is expressed in the ability to make a choice.

Closely related to freedom is the concept human responsibility.

Responsibility is part of freedom. If a person acts freely, choosing the means of his activity, then he is responsible for its results. Responsibility is a necessary component of freedom, its integral part. If a person can freely choose a variant of his behavior, then he must be responsible for the choice made.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains provisions that, in the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone should be subject only to such restrictions as are intended to ensure recognition and respect for the rights of others. A person cannot be absolutely free. And one of the limiters here is the rights and freedoms of other people.