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Kuras, Leonid Vladimirovich (1951-). The October Revolution in Siberia 1917 - mid-1918 in domestic historical literature and sources: abstract of thesis. ... Doctor of Historical Sciences: 00/07/02.- Irkutsk, 1995.- 38 p.: ill.

Introduction to the work

Relevance of the study. 78 years have passed since the victory of the October Revolution, but interest in it does not wane even today, Gvolyutsky is a whole era that appears before us with many activities. It is a mistake to think that the revolution is yesterday. Ok-[br lives. He demands attention, insists on bowing down.

Until recently, no one could have imagined that the events of October 17 would become the center of an acute ideological and political struggle in our country. It seemed that assessments of the revolution as great and socialist were unshakable in Russian historiography. The assessment of the revolution as a “national catastrophe” was characteristic only of Emi-Ang publications. But the explosion of interest in national history and. first of all to history Soviet period, forced specialists to identify the historical truth about the October Revolution, and thanks to the return to the most important methodological principles of historical research - objectivity and historicism - it was possible I I would like to present in general terms the October Revolution not only as a triumph of centuries-old aspirations for freedom and democracy, but also as the greatest drama of the people.

The entire course of historical development and the development of historical science - the disappointment of wide circles of the public in the ideals of the October Revolution - the desire for another revision of their past poses the most important task for non-modern historiographers - to comprehend the history of Russian historical science on the topic, the history of the October Revolution.

A comprehensive study of the history of October in Russia is impossible without regional studies.

A special place in the history of the revolution belongs to Siberia, which plays an important role in the strategic plans of many Russian political parties. The relevance of the study of the history of the revolution in Russia is also determined by the fact that the simplified geographical demarcation of the forces of revolution and counter-revolution, which occurred immediately after the events of October 1917, was revived. The essence of its development is that the center was revolutionary, and the provinces were relatively -: to the revolution is either indifferent or hostile. This scheme speaks to the course of development of the revolution, for even in areas with a high level of wealthy peasantry, to which we should be classified, the same division takes place, the same struggle for and against skoy power, as in the center of Russia.

Events in Siberia were distinguished by a wide variety of forms and dramatism, intertwined with the national movement of large ethnic groups in the region. During the revolution, the opposing sides often came to compromises and interesting political combinations.

It is quite natural that the Siberian events of those years attracted close attention. Over the course of several decades, through the efforts of several generations of Russian historians, it was possible to create extensive historical literature about the October Revolution in Siberia. Only the bibliographic index published in 1928 provides a brief summary of 870 titles of historical literature about the events of the revolution and civil war in Siberia. In subsequent decades, the bibliography of the October Revolution in Siberia increased sharply.

Achievements in the study of the topic “October in Siberia” and the situation in the country put forward the task of creating historiographical works in many areas of the history of the revolution in the region and a generalizing historiographical work in which an analysis of what has been achieved would be carried out. This will make it possible to understand the origins of the crisis in Russian historiography and determine the main directions of scientific research on the history of the revolution.

Stages of development of the historiography of the October Revolution. Identifying the main milestones, periods, and stages in the history of the revolution is the most important problem in the historiography of October. The study identifies three major stages. First- 1917-mid 30s. Soviet historians called it Lenin's. Despite the stormy intra-party discussions of the 20s, this stage is the most truthful, and therefore historically the most valuable. It is especially important that the works of this stage highlight the activities and present the positions of not only the Bolsheviks, but also their opponents. Second- from mid-30s to mid-50s. Specialist historiographers Zh.L.Shezman, V.I.Naumov, Zh.V.Yaumov consider the beginning of this stage to be the beginning of the 30s, putting forward the following; arguments: completion of the formation of the source base of historical research,

1. Turuyaov A.N., Wegman V.D. Revolution and civil war in SibI"
ri; Index of books and magazines stakhvy.-yovosibirsk, 1928.

2. BbrbІGza 1 vYaasiy-Soveїbv "v^Vo^ochnaya to Єй?и^и^Л9^-Т922ЛІыблі".
p.: graphic index.-Irkutsk, 19 Bibliography of Buryatia.

1890-1931 - Ulan-Ude, 1973" Siberia during the Great October Socialist Revolution; foreign intervention and civil war: bibliographic index. - Novosibirsk, 197. Great October Socialist Revolution and Civil War: Index of modern literature. -M., 1977”, etc.

raising the qualifications of Soviet historians and finally establishing the Marxist worldview among them. In addition, they

They are aiming to centralize the management of scientific research and transform the historiography of the revolution into a handmaiden of the emerging cult of justice. However, in our opinion, the beginning of the 30s is only on the path of gradual Stalinization of the history of October. These milestones include preparations for the celebration of the 10th Anniversary, the 50th anniversary of the birth of I.V. Stalin, as well as Galin’s letter “On some issues in the history of Bolshevism,” sent in 1931 to the magazine “Proletarskaya” revolution". Same. A milestone was the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in July 1931 on the preparation of the history of the civil war in the USSR. The second stage in the development of the history of October begins in the mid-30s because in that period alternative opinions and dissent disappeared, and political processes that led to mass repression began to change.

including representatives of the Soviet historical school, but after this the “Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks” could appear, which became the apogee of the history of October. Comparing this stage with the previous and subsequent ones, it should be stated that it was the most fruitful. Third The stage begins in the second half of the 50s and continues to the present day. Several ices can be distinguished in it, the last of which begins in the second half of the 80s. There is an opinion that in the second half of the 80s the second stage in the development of domestic historiography begins. /Discussions on the development of the periodization of Soviet society took place on the pages of “Alov “Communist”, “Questions of History”, “Questions of the History of the CPSU”, the theory of the USSR" - 3 /. However, despite the beginning of the process of denocra-ation in society, the absence of ideological guidelines and The presence of controversy, the current state of historical science in general and history in particular, is characterized by a deep crisis, which cannot be considered as a new stage in its development. In this regard, the use of

Sherman K.L. Soviet historiography of the civil war in the USSR /1920-1931/“-Kharkov, 196^.-0.50; Naumov V.Zh. Chronicle of the heroic struggle.-M., 1972.-P.6, 221-222; Naumov J.V. Domestic historiography of the civil war and intervention in the Russian Far East. Author's abstract. diss. for the academic degree of doctor. historical sciences.-Irkutsk, 1993.-C9.

Discussion about the periodization of the history of Soviet society.//History of the USSR.-1988.-K 3“-P.132; Kim M.P. About periodization, history of Soviet society.//Questions of history.-1988.-M 6.-P.128. Communist.-1987--K 7; Questions of the history of the CPSU.-1987.-» 6,7,9,12; History of the USSR.-1988.-K 3; Questions of history.-1988.-M 6.

toriographic analysis of the path traveled acquires social significance.

Degree of knowledge of the topic“The first attempts to show the development of Soviet historiography of the October Revolution in Siberia were made in the early 20s, mainly in connection with the assessment of specific works and their review. A primary role in the development of this direction was played by the "Commission on the History of the October Revolution and the RCP/b/ 11 - Istpart. In the process, the activities of Istpart began to develop such a direction as reviews of literature on the history of the October Revolution with an emphasis on bibliography. Such reviews were published on the pages of the magazine “Proletarian Revolution.” In Siberia, the first such review was published in 1922 on the pages of the magazine “Siberian Lights.” Reviews of the works of participants in the events in Siberia, both “red” and “white,” were also published there.

Subsequently, until the mid-50s, the problems of the historiography of the October Revolution in Siberia were practically not considered.

The first group is work on common problems October. They were studied by prominent Soviet scientists L.I. Mints, G.N. Golikov, V.G. Ruslyakova, L.M. Spirin, E.E. Gorodnsky and others." Among the problems,

Barov D. Siberian literature of the 5th anniversary of the October Revolution.//Siberian Lights.-1922.-K 5.

Golikov G.N. Towards the development of history. October Revolution.//Communist, -1956.-I 15" He heh. On the study of the history of the October Revolution.//Communist.-19bO.-No. 10; Mints I.I. On the coverage of some issues in the history of the Great October Socialist Revolution.//Questions of the History of the YuISS.-1957.-2; Naydenov M.E. Soviet historical science on the eve of the 21st Congress of the CPSU.//Questions of history.-1961.-K 10; Gorodetsky E.N. The October resolution and the creation of a socialist state in the light of Soviet historical literature.//Soviet historical science from the XX to the XXI1st Congress of the CPSU. History of the USSR.-M., 19b2; He hehe. Soviet historiography of the Great October Revolution.-I., 1981; He hehe. Historiographical and source study problems of the Great October Revolution.-N., 1982; Ruslyakova V.G. Development of the history of the October Revolution after the XX Congress of the CPSU. // Questions of history. - 1961. 5; Spirin L.M. Historiography of the struggle of the RKTs/b/ with petty-bourgeois parties in 1917-1920//Questions of the history of the CPSU.-1966.-K V; Great October. History. Historiography. Source study.-M. ,1978; Soviet historiography of the Great October Socialist Revolution.-M. 1981; The Party and the Great October / historiographical essay /.-M., 1976; Tokarez L.I. Soviet historiography of the history of the Bolshevik Party during the preparation and victory of the October Revolution.-M., 1979.

which for the first time were studied most fully by scientists, there are objective and subjective prerequisites for the socialist revolution in Russia, the development of the revolutionary process from February to November, the features of the development of the first stage of the revolution into the second, the struggle of parties and classes during the October Revolution, the leading role of the proletariat and his parties in the revolution, Soviets and the creation of the Soviet state, the national movement and nation-state building;

The second group comes from work on problematic historiography. She
was developed by specialists from the relevant branches of historical

sciences, such as L.S. Gaponenko, V.D. Polikarpov, I.E. Vorozhey-, T.A. Ignatenko, R.M. Savitskaya, V.I. Pogudin and others 0 . Problem-

historiography includes complex processes of accumulating detailed knowledge on individual problems and areas of the general theme of the era of the October Revolution, and analysis of the degree of their knowledge. According to experts in the field of research methodology M.A. Varchik and L.M. Spirin, “the task of problem research comes down to y, to answer three questions: which ones; the problems under study have been studied with sufficient depth for the modern level of science, the second can accept the results of this research; which problems have been raised, but have not been fully illuminated, and perhaps certainly, and their study should be continued; What problems of this topic should not be raised at all and are awaiting further study." The same point of view is held by A.I. Pronshtein and. I.N.Danilevsky.

The third group is scientific literature on foreign studies
historiography, where the emphasis is on criticism of bourgeois and "re-

“The history of literature about the October Revolution. Yerry this from-

Ignatenko 2J.A. Soviet historiography of workers' control and nationalization of industry in the USSR /1917-196? gg./.-M., 1971J Development of Soviet historical science 1970-197^.-M. ,1975; Vo-eozheikin I.E. Essay on the historiography of the working class of the USSR.-M., 1975 Eogudin V.K. The spirit of the Soviet peasantry towards socialism: Historiographical essay.-M., 1975; Savitskaya R.M. Activities of V.I.L-e^-shna in the field of economic construction. October 1917-July 918, historiographical sketch.-M., t9?5; Polikarpov V.D. The final stage of the civil war: Historiography of study.-M., 1980 Zarshavchik M.A., Spirin L.M. On the scientific foundations of the study of history

ASHS.-M., 1978.-S133.

Ironshtein A.P., Danilevsky I.N. Issues of theory and methodology of clear-

Dacha Research.-M., 1986.-P.5.

Ggritsky Yu.I. Myths of bourgeois historiography, and the reality of history

>II.-M., 1975; Naumov N.V. Great October socialist

evolution in French bourgeois historiography.-M. ,1975;

[Gritsky Yu.I., etoffe-G.3.0 methods of falsification of labor and V.I.Le-

ina in bourgeois historiography.//Questions of the history of the CPSU.-1973“-

the absence of theoretical and methodological unity of bourgeois historiography was perceived as a characteristic sign of the crisis of bourgeois historical science. Soviet scientists viewed the clash of different opinions and concepts in bourgeois historiography not as a search for truth, but as “a desire from different sides to approach the solution of a single problem - the denial of the international significance of the Great October Revolution.” This approach to foreign historiography on the topic of October led to the fact that “an entire direction in research turned into a “continuous battle.”

The fourth group is works of a regional nature, in particular on the history of the October Revolution in Siberia. It is these works that provide significant material for the general historiography of the October Revolution; Without these studies, it is impossible to recreate the picture of scientific research Tomsk -1-984, 1-987, 1988/, based on the results of which collections were published.

Among the historiographical works on the history of the October Revolution in Siberia, the works of V.S. Poznanskoto and M.M. Shornikov, which examine the state and tasks of studying the history of the October Revolution in Siberia, stand out. These publications evaluate monographic works on the topic. The authors name problems that are not sufficiently developed and can become the subject of monographic research! these are classes and parties in the October Revolution, the peasantry of Siberia, the historiography of the revolution in the region ^.

M 3" Marushkin V.I., Ioffe G.Z., Romanovsky N.V. Three revolutions in Russia in bourgeois historiography. - M., 1977" Sobolev G. The October Revolution in American historiography. 1917-1970. - D., 1979" Reichberg G.E., Shurygin A.E. Bourgeois historiography of the October Revolution and civil war in Siberia.-Novosibirsk, 198

12. Ibrodetsky E.N. Historiographical and source study problems of the Great October Revolution. - M., 1982. - P. 293"

13- Shornikov M.M. October Revolution in Siberia.//Historiography of Soviet Siberia /1917-1945/.-Novosibirsk, 1968; Aka. The state and tasks of studying the history of the October Revolution in Siberia. //Great October and socialist transformations in Siberia.-Novosibirsk, 1980; Shznansky V.S. Study of the history of the October Revolution and the Civil War in Siberia. // Historical science in Siberia for 50 years. - Novosibirsk, 1972.

owl forces in a Siberian village, carried out by Yu.V. Zhurov. The article by I.V. Pavlova examines the degree of knowledge of the problem of history

Red Guard in Siberia during the preparation and implementation of the re-

wars, and also more defensible than conquests.

The first historiographical research on the history of the October Revolution in Buryatia was the publications of V.B. Batotsyrenov, which were more of a bibliographical nature.

In the first half of the 90s, the monograph of L.V. Kuras was published. The first work provides a historiographic analysis of historical literature of the 50-80s, revealing the most important aspects of the history of the October Revolution and the civil war in Eastern Siberia. The second shows the events of the revolution in Siberia and the degree of its reflection in domestic historical literature and sources. At the same time, a monograph by A.E. Nikitin was published, which discusses documentary

"See sources for the history of the civil war in Siberia."

These and other historiographical works received favorable press. However, the results of these studies are very well included in general historiographical studies on the topic of October. The problem of historiographical research on stories revolution. The only exception is the article by E. Rutman.

In addition to historiographical research itself, large monographic works played a major role in the development of the historiography of the October Revolution in the region at all stages of the development of historical science. In them, a significant place is occupied by historiographical chapters and introductions. Co

^Zhurov Yu.V. The alignment of class forces in the Siberian village at various stages of the civil war / to the periodization and historiography of the problem // 50 years of the defeat of the intervention and the end of the civil war. M., 19?2.

5. Pavlova I.V. Historiography of the Red Guard.//Questions of the historiography of socialist and communist construction in Siberia.-Novosibirsk, 1976.

b. Batotsyrenov V.B. Historiography of the October Revolution and the Civil War in Buryatia /1917-1965/.-Ulan-Ude, 1967; Aka, Lubsanov B.D. Soviet historiography of Buryatia. - Ulan-Ude, 1980.

7. Kuras L.V. The struggle for Soviet power in Eastern Siberia. Soviet historiography of the struggle of the Bolsheviks in Eastern Siberia for Soviet power / second half of the 50s-80s /.-Ulan-Ude, 1991>0. October revolution in Siberia. 1917-mid-1918 in domestic historical literature and sources. - Ulan-Ude, 1995 "Nikitin D.N. Documentary sources on the history of the civil war in Siberia / source study and historiographical aspects of the study /. - Tomsk, 199* f.

V. Rutman R.E. Great October in the works of Soviet historians: /0b-zor of historiographical works for 1957-1967/.//Materials of the X scientific conference of the library of the USSR Academy of Sciences.-Leningrad, 1967.

In the second half of the 1950s, this direction of historiographic research became a mandatory attribute of dissertations and monographs. Among the monographs that became a noticeable phenomenon in the development of the topic of history of the October Revolution in Siberia: and where significant attention was given to: the analysis of the achievements of predecessors, one should include the works of B.I. Safronov, M.M. Shorvikov, A.K. Krutayaov, P.T. Khaptaev , V.A. Kadeiki V.S. Poznansky, A.A. Mukhin, V.T. Agalakova, A.I. Eovgorodov, B.B.I Tueva, D.M. Goryulkina, Z.V. Gogoleva, A.V. Batalova, V.A. Demidova, E. Babikova, G.G. Makerova, E.M. Razgona, D.M. Zolnikova, Yu.V.^urova, E.M. Shchagina, S.A. "Sidorenko, A.V. Reznichenko, V.G. Tyukavkin, Z.K. Cherika, V.E. Vasilevsky, K.V. Pavlova." The monographs reveal i

19 « T'shkilov P.P. Buryat-Mongolin during the preparation and conduct of the Tyabrian revolution. - Ulan-Ude, 1957; Ustinov A.P. Establishment of Soviet power: in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.-Abakan, 1958; Krui ov A.Zh. The struggle for Soviet power in the Far East and Transbaikalia.-Vladivostok, 1961; It's him. The struggle for Soviet power in the Far East and Transbaikalia / April 1918-March 1920 /.-Vlg Vostok, 1962; Safronov V.P. October in Siberia.-Krasnoyarsk, 1962 Shornikov M.M. Bolsheviks of Siberia in the struggle for the victory of the October Revolution. -Novosibirsk, 1963.” Aka. Year seventeen. Bolsheviya Siberia in the struggle for the victory of the October Socialist Revolution Novosibirsk, 1967; Khaptaev I.T. October socialist] revolution and civil war in Buryatia-Parts 1-2.-Ulan-Ude, 1964” and Tn.-Novosibirsk, 1969; Zolnikov D.N. The labor movement in Siberia in 1917 - Novosibirsk, 1969.” Aka. The labor movement in Siberia during the First World War and the February Revolution~.-Novosibirsk 1982; Gogolev Z.V. Yakutia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Soyayadno-zinomic essay.-Novosibirsk, 1970; It's him. Socio-economic development of Yakutia /1917-June 1941/.-Novosibirsk, 1979; and the beginning of the transition to the socialist revolution in Siberia / map of April 1917/.-Chelyabinsk, 1970; Batuev B.B. Party Bolshevik; organizer of the victory of Soviet power in Eastern Siberia.-Ulan-: 1971; He. The struggle "for Soviet power in Buryatia.-Ulan-Ude, 19" Zhurov Yu.V. Yenisei peasantry during the years of the civil war.-K; Noyarsk , 1972; Reznichenko A.E. The Bolshevik struggle against the “demotic” counter-revolution in Siberia /1918/.-Novosibirsk, 1972; 1 Nansky B.C. Essays on the history of the armed struggle of the Soviets of Siberia

problems of the worker, agrarian, national movement, the union of the working class and the peasantry, the creation of the armed forces of the revolution, the economic activities of the Bolsheviks, the fight against opportunism and Soviet construction. However, the leading direction of all research is to reveal the vanguard role of the proletariat and the leadership of the Bolsheviks in the struggle for the victory of the socialist revolution and the creation of the Soviet state. In addition, all problems are considered in the context of the ideological guidelines of the ruling party. Therefore, the place and role of other political parties is almost not reflected in these publications. The only exceptions are the monograph by A.N. Reenichenko, E.I. Chernyak, the candidate's dissertation of N.A. Ierstyannikov, and articles. I.V.Nam. and A.A. Bondarenko. However, all of these monographs are not just a noticeable phenomenon in the development of the theme of October in Siberia. They summarize many years of research and create a real basis for further development of the history of the October Revolution in Siberia.

The publication had a particularly beneficial influence on the development of the historiography of October Ts~to volumes of "History of Siberia", where there is a serious

counter-revolution in 1917-1918 - Novosibirsk, 1973> "0n. Lenin and the Soviets of Siberia. 1917-1918 - Novosibirsk, 1977; Shchagin E.M. The October Revolution in the village of the eastern outskirts of Russia. 1917-summer 1918. trM., 1974-; Goryushkin I.M. Agrarian relations in Siberia in the era of imperialism.-Novosibirsk, 1976; Gushchin N.Ya. Durov Yu.V. Bozhen-k

a thorough analysis of historical literature on the topic.

An important area of ​​historiographic analysis in the Octl field is reviews of monographic works and scientific collections. This area of ​​historiography is interesting in that it makes new scientific achievements public to the scientific community and promotes its successes. In addition, reviews also point out weak areas of research, examine unsolved topics and suggest new directions on the topic and research. Unlike bibliographic publications, when creating reviews, the author, along with the book being analyzed, uses other sources, including unpublished documents. In Siberia, the direction on the theme of October began to develop at the first stage of the development of Soviet historical science. The emergence of this genre was objectively determined by the entire course of development of historical science. It was during this period, thanks to the development of this direction of historiography, that a steady interest in the topic of September was created. At all stages of the development of the historiography of the revolution, all large collective studies, movements, chronicles, essays of local political organizations, received feedback in the periodical press. Noticing new themes and directions, the Yugors were identified by reviewers, which were reflected in the new works of Siberian scientists.

In general, the main directions of the historiography of the October Revolution in Siberia put forward the task of creating a generalizing historiographical work in which an analysis of what was achieved would be carried out. This task is unusually complex, because the scope of studying the history of regol is enormous, the scale of publication of sources is large, and the activity of central and local scientific institutions is active. All this made it necessary to limit the range of issues raised. That's why subject of research Selected monographs, materials of scientific conferences, collections of documents, memoirs, historical chronicles, essays on the history of places of party organizations, bibliographic indexes on the topic of the October Revolution in Siberia only within the framework Russian Federation. In addition, works on economic, philosophical, legal and sociological problems that are at the intersection of research on the history of O'ry are not considered in the study.

There was no special historiographical study that would cover the events of the October Revolution in Siberia. Based on and 3 this

21. Kstoria Siberia. T. k»- *" 1968.

friendships pel research- fill the existing gap in the historiography of the history of the October Revolution in Siberia. In connection, based on the stated purpose and practical expediency, the following specific tasks are set in the dissertation:

consider the issue of the creation and development of centers of historical science, their influence on the development of the historiography of the October Revolution in Siberia;

carry out source analysis of documentary sources, memoirs, historical chronicles, bibliographic sources on the topic of October in Siberia;

dwell on the largest works of a generalizing character

Completed in terms of covering revolutionary events in the region;

highlight as an independent and original source the history of local party organizations, which represent a graphic phenomenon both in the history of the revolution and in the historical Soviet state;

illuminate the most actual problems studying the history of the October Revolution in Siberia, which should include issues of aisation-party, military-combat and economic affairs of the RSDS at the stage of preparation and implementation of the October Revolution

as well as the activities of the Bolsheviks in the first months of the Soviet era.

YG source base dissertations consist of works by historians of the Russian Federation on the events of the October Revolution in Siberia, publications X documents, memoirs, chronicles, bibliographical information on this topic. All this allows us to explore the course of development of historical historiography, reveal its characteristic features at various stages of the development of historical science, show specific regattas and prospects for its development. When analyzing sources, the main focus is on their compliance with historical truth, on their contribution to the study and coverage of the history of the October Revolution.

Analysis of sources and their classification made it possible to isolate research by content, purpose and type: memoirs, documents, historical chronicles, bibliographic decrees, essays of Siberian party organizations, monographic studies devoted to the history of the October Revolution in Siberia.

Territorial framework of the study. Siberia at the beginning of the 20th century

included administrative and natural history

the following territories: Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yenisei, Irku

Kuyu province, Transbaikal and Yakutsk regions. As for the legal entity

borders of Siberia, then in the studies of Siberian historians there are discrepancies regarding the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. E which scientists completely or partially attribute them to Siberia. Meanwhile, these regions belonged to the West Siberian General Government only until 1882, after which they were included in the Steppe General Government and were governed on the basis of the “Regulations on the administration of the regions of Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Ural, Semichensk and Turgai” . Some exception is Omsk district of Akmola region. In terms of its geographical location, climate, national composition of the population, and natural and economic characteristics, it gravitated more towards the Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces and was a typical Russian agricultural region for Western Siberia. Because of this, it is advisable to attribute it to Siberia. Thus, the territorial scope of the study includes the modern Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk Tomsk, Tyumen, Shrkutsk, Chita regions, the republics of Burtia, Yakutia-Sakha, Khakassia, Tuva /Tuva/.

Chronological framework of the study cover all three stages of the development of domestic historiography of the revolution in Siberia. In this case, the author analyzes literature reflecting the revolutionary process within the chronological framework of March 1917 - mid-1918, that is, from the time of the overthrow of the monarchy to the adoption of the first Constitution of the RSFSR and the beginning of foreign military intervention in Siberia.

In specific forms, various subjects of the historiography of October in Siberia are considered using the example of one or another province, and then, due to the unity of development trends, the situation is extrapolated to the whole of Siberia. Much more attention is paid to the Transbaikal and Yakut regions due to their special geographical location, features of economic, cultural, religious and political development.

Scientific novelty and practical significance of the work is that For the first time in Russian historical literature, it attempted a comprehensive analysis of the problems of development of the country:

22. Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Siberian Institution. Book 1, vol. M., 1910.

th historiography of the October Revolution in Siberia for more than whose 70- This period.

The results of the study can be used when studying practical problems of the history of October in Siberia, when writing new works, when creating special courses on the history of Russia and Siberia:: and local history work.

Basic principles of the study became the basic principles of historical science: objectivity And historicism, which allow us to see historical processes in their real development and interrelationships, the principle of objectivity allows us to immerse ourselves in the matter under consideration, understand the basic values ​​of the warring parties, become

positions of one or another leader and theorist. It is precisely in this way that the principle of objectivity despairs of the principle of partisanship, which for a long time Soviet historians associated with the highest principle of scientific objectivity. As for the principle of historicism, this is an ad hoc principle of historical research, which requires a specific study of social phenomena in their development, a comprehensive study of the connection and interrelation of each of these phenomena with others and, finally, verification of individual conclusions and assessments / lessons of theory." Together with the initial principles of historical science, the author recognizes the right to existence of such a principle as principle of pairs-ity. This is due to the fact that any historical research meets the needs of the existing spiritual environment and satisfies the requirements of the classical trinity of place, time, action. Therefore, the fifth intellectual is always biased. However, recognizing the right of the prince of partisanship to exist, the author gives primacy to the principles of objectivity and historicism.

Approbation of the study. The dissertation was discussed and approved at a joint meeting of the Department of Russian History and the Department of History and Source Studies of Irkutsk state university. >the results and conclusions of the study were presented by the author in reports and messages at a meeting of the Problem Council “V.I. Lenin and local ethical organizations” in Perm /19VD/, Arkhangelsk /1985/, Shropetrovsk /1988/, at scientific and theoretical conferences on: odology, history, historiography and source studies in Tomsk >85, 1987, 1988/, regional conferences in Ulan-Ude /1987e I, 1992, 1993” 1994-, Krasnoyarsk /1991 ./, Irkutsk /1990, 12, 199*f./, at the All-Russian Symposium “Revolution and Counter-Revolution”

revolution in Russia /1st quarter of the 20th century/" in Tomsk /1995/.

Recall the events of 1917 Recall the events of 1917 Consider the features of the struggle in Siberia under conditions of dual power Consider the features of the struggle in Siberia under conditions of dual power Consider the first measures of Soviet power and their results Consider the first measures of Soviet power and their results

Loss of authority by the government of Nicholas II among all layers of Russian society, caused by a long, unnecessary war Loss of authority by the government of Nicholas II among all layers of Russian society, caused by a long, unnecessary war March 2, 1917 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne March 2, 1917 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne Formation of dual power: the Provisional Government and the Soviet Government Formation of dual power: the Provisional Government and the Soviet government

Dual power (March 2 - October 25, 1917) Provisional government contradictions Soviet government War with Germany to a victorious end Question of peace Immediate end to the war Constituent assembly that will decide the fate of Russia Question of power All power to the Soviets Democratic rule of law State Social and political model of the country's development General equality under socialism (hereinafter referred to as communism) Private ownership of land (continue Stolypin’s reform) The question of land Nationalization of all land

Demonstration on May 1, 1917 in Novo-Nikolaevsk Revolutionary authorities were created in all cities and provinces of Siberia Committees of public order and security Committees of public order and security Committees of public safety Committees of public salvation Committees of public organizations Committees of public organizations Their task: the liquidation of the tsarist governing bodies Their composition: Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Cadets, Bolsheviks

The ongoing war arouses the interest of radical Siberians in the program of the Bolsheviks, who conducted active propaganda among the small working class of Siberia and soldiers The ongoing war arouses the interest of radical Siberians in the program of the Bolsheviks, who conducted active propaganda among the small working class of Siberia and soldiers Soldiers read a leaflet issued by the Obskaya RSDLP(b) group

But the forces of the Soviets in Siberia were not great due to the small number of the working class and the higher standard of living of the peasantry, who did not want to change anything in their lives. “Siberia is the most non-revolutionary region.” V. Ulyanov-Lenin, 1917 V. Ulyanov-Lenin, 1917

Soviet power in Siberia was established by force of arms (by the method of terror) demobilized from the front, deserters under the strong influence of Bolshevik propaganda, as well as by the forces of the Red Army who arrived from Central Russia. Soviet power in Siberia was established by force of arms (by the method of terror) by those demobilized from the front. , deserters, under the strong influence of Bolshevik propaganda, as well as by the forces of the Red Army units arriving from Central Russia By April 1918, Soviet power was established throughout Siberia By April 1918, Soviet power was established throughout Siberia

In general, Siberia supported the abdication of Nicholas II, approved the establishment of democratic institutions of government and did not support the Soviets, who had to seize power by force of arms after October 1917. In general, Siberia supported the abdication of Nicholas II, approved the establishment of democratic institutions of government and did not support the Soviets, who had to seize power by force of arms after October 1917.

Workers' control over production and distribution Workers' control over production and distribution Nationalization of banks in Siberia, enterprises, transport Nationalization of banks in Siberia, enterprises, transport To manage nationalized property, a council of the national economy (sovnarkhoz) was organized To manage nationalized property, a council of the national economy (sovnarkhoz) The collapse of the Siberian economy

Distribution of state-owned lands to peasants Distribution of state-owned lands to peasants State monopoly on the purchase of grain by establishing a strictly fixed price, which was 6 times lower than the market price. Private trade in bread is prohibited. State monopoly on the purchase of bread by establishing a strictly fixed price, which was 6 times lower than the market price. Private trade in bread is prohibited Peasant unrest against Soviet power, the creation of anti-Bolshevik underground organizations

In the year of the 100th anniversary of the revolution, interest in history has naturally intensified and every day many new information about what life was like in the turning point of 1917. Exhibitions are held, new documents are published. But people’s behavior is always more interesting than documents. Why did the strong beat the weak, the poor beat the rich and vice versa? AiF - Kuzbass correspondent asked about this Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Kemerovo State University Sergei Zvyagin.

Land of peasants

Anna Gorodkova, AiF - Kuzbass: Sergei Pavlovich, during the civil war, power in Siberia changed hands. Who did the Siberians want to see as leader 100 years ago?

Sergey Zvyagin

Sergey Zvyagin: The Kuzbass residents then lived on the territory of the Tomsk province and, like many Russians, wanted the new government to resolve two main issues: about war and land. First World War really exhausted the country. During the war years, the area under cultivation in the province decreased by 30%. There was no one to process them, since the men were drafted into the army. While the soldiers were sitting in the trenches, the peasants in the rear were dividing up the abandoned land, which they thought was a draw (this event in history is called the “black redistribution”). The army, consisting of peasants, began a mass exodus from the front. The barbaric behavior of the brothers who remained at home was like a stab in the back for the front-line soldiers. Therefore, the land issue had to be resolved at the state level.

Siberians differed from everyone else in their political preferences. If the peasant Socialist Revolutionaries in relatively industrial Russia collected 40% of the votes, and the Bolsheviks - 25%, then 75% (in some places 93%) of Siberian farmers wanted to see the Socialist Revolutionaries in power, who proposed transferring the land to the community, and not to the state, and only 8% Siberians supported the Bolsheviks. The peasants believed that as part of the community they would be able to divide the land among themselves, but their expectations were not realized. Kolchak, who began to rule Siberia, returned the land taken away during the “black redistribution” to its rightful owners, which sharply reduced the peasantry’s interest in the Socialist Revolutionaries.

- How was the economy, life, education, and culture of ordinary Siberians different during the Civil War?

There has never been serfdom or landowners in Siberia. It was an area favorable for agriculture. The statesman Pyotr Stolypin noticed this and organized his famous agrarian reform. Then people began to be resettled en masse to today’s Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, luring them with land. The consequences were unique: new farmland was brought into production, the area of ​​cultivated land was expanded, but the resettlement led to the disunity of people. Hostile relations arose between the native Siberians and the so-called “dung” (as the settlers were called).

The first ones had already settled down here and started strong farms, while the second ones were just beginning to explore Siberia, which was alien to them, did not know its climate, its agricultural characteristics, so they lived more modestly and were envious.

There was also no permanent staff of officials and professors in Siberia. It was extremely difficult to lure them to the cold region, despite the northern allowance. Only in 1910 in Mariinsk (a city in the northeast of the Kemerovo region - editor's note) opened the first gymnasium - women's. Mariinsk at that time was a prominent city, a district center, where a strong organization of Socialist Revolutionaries was located, and various social movements were developed. There was even a “People’s House” (analogous to a recreation center), where you could read books, watch a movie or a performance by amateur actors. In Kuznetsk, the second largest city (modern Novokuznetsk), everything was much sadder. And at the Taiga station during the civil war, there was an American military unit for some time, and soldiers with an interpreter showed documentaries to all Taiga residents for free. On ponds throughout the province they made skating rinks and slides - this was the favorite entertainment of Siberians even then.

Before the rule of the Bolsheviks, Kuzbass residents were more prosperous than residents of central Russia. There was plenty of land here, in the taiga there were nuts, berries, honey, meat and fish. Siberians could engage in fishing, hunting, and farming. When all of Russia wore bast shoes, boots were more often worn here - a kind of symbol of wealth in those days. They were not bought in a store, but “built” by a shoemaker for five rubles, and money was saved ahead of time for the sole, last, and boot. Siberian boots served for 15 years.

Is there a country alive east of the Urals?

Several years ago, at the All-Russian census, people from our district wrote “Siberian” in the “nationality” column. Is this an indicator of some kind of independence?

Don't think. On the contrary, we are too focused on Moscow. And if our Moscow leadership is now interested in the development of the country east of the Urals, then we cannot continue to take money, the best people, resources, etc. from this part. With the establishment of the Unified State Exam, many capable children from Kuzbass have the opportunity to remotely enter leading Russian universities. But how will we raise Siberia, Kuzbass and Kemerovo if the best children are raising Moscow, or even England?

As a Siberian, I understand the attitude that many of my friends have towards Moscow. In the capital, Khrushchev apartment buildings are now being demolished, in which some Kuzbass residents would not even dream of living. Let's show the president the private sector of the Kirov region with "direct fall" toilets on the street, without hot and cold water in the houses! Moscow has concentrated not only administrative, but also material resources - 83% of cash flows go through the capital. I am sure that if we launch them through any village in the Mariinsky District, hundred-story skyscrapers will appear there in three years. Why do we still have an imbalance between the federal center and the subjects? Because you can’t solve anything without Moscow. Remember, our officials fly to the capital almost every week to discuss any issues. Until the Siberian is able to realize himself locally, Moscow will continue to grow, and the attitude of the provinces towards the center will deteriorate.

Redistributions of the state

100 years ago, high social tension, stagnation in the economy and public life led to the revolution... Now many are also waiting for a social explosion for the same reasons. Do you think he threatens us?

If we feel bad and we have no money, this does not mean that everyone feels bad and no one in Russia has money. The number of Russians who know only the current country is growing. Veterans who honor high moral principles and remember the principles of justice are leaving us.

However, there are things that can only be assessed positively - access to a huge amount of information on the Internet opens up great opportunities for our youth. In my time, some books were banned, and objectionable scenes were cut out of films. The car has ceased to be a luxury, and has become a means of transportation. The legislation has also changed for the better, although it is still imperfect. We learned about the Chernobyl accident only six days after it happened. Now no one has the right to hide information about disasters of various kinds. Such information is not a state secret. It’s hard to live today because we are bombarded with negative information every day, but I think this open position is more correct than what we had before.

The revolutionary situation consists of three parts: the upper classes cannot live in the new way, the lower classes do not want to live in the old way, and the needs and misfortunes of the people are becoming more acute. In our country it is unlikely that it will come to a revolution: people do not take up pitchforks, and the authorities are trying to listen.

But I believe that the state should have limits: there is no need to meddle in business, art, family. Even under the tsar there were more signs of civil society than ours. Citizenship is more than a passport in your pocket.

Sergey Zvyagin was born in 1959 in Prokopyevsk. Graduated from the Faculty of History of KemSU. From 1983 to 1988 was an instructor in the department of propaganda, cultural work and communism at the university. He taught at the Department of Sociology of Political Relations at KuzSTU. Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Institute of History, government controlled and international relations of KemSU.

February revolution 1917 and the further establishment of Soviet power in Russia is one of the main events of the 20th century, which radically changed the development of world history. The content of the great changes, party and Soviet construction, the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks, who ensured the ideological and organizational unity of peoples, are revealed through the study of specific historical material.

1. Introduction

News of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia:

2. The beginning of the revolution in Siberia

3. Siberia on the eve of the revolution

4. News of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia

5. The struggle for power in Siberia

6. Relationships between the new government and society

7.Conclusion

8. List of references.

The work contains 1 file

Essay

On topic: “Revolution in Siberia”

Tyurina A. 11 "A"

1. Introduction

News of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia:

2. The beginning of the revolution in Siberia

3. Siberia on the eve of the revolution

4. News of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia

5. The struggle for power in Siberia

6. Relationships between the new government and society

7.Conclusion

8. List of references.

Introduction:

February revolution 1917 and the further establishment of Soviet power in Russia is one of the main events of the 20th century, which radically changed the development of world history. The content of the great changes, party and Soviet construction, the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks, who ensured the ideological and organizational unity of peoples, are revealed through the study of specific historical material. At the same time, the study of the development of the revolutionary process in Western Siberia is of considerable interest. And this is understandable. The results of the class struggle that unfolded here were of paramount importance for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the east of the country and had a significant impact on the political, military and food situation in the revolutionary center. This explains the relevance of studying the events associated with the beginning of the 1917 revolution in Siberia and studying the course of revolutionary transformations in Siberia.

The beginning of the revolution.

It was the third year of the world war. At the end of February 1917 News came to Siberia about revolutionary events in Petrograd, where workers, along with the soldiers who joined them, took to the streets. S.S. Khabalov was powerless before the revolutionary pressure of the people. The ministers of the tsarist government were arrested and treated in

Peter and Paul Fortress. The proletariat of Petrograd began to create Soviets.

March 2, 1917 Nikolai II abdicated the throne. A Provisional Government was formed, headed by Prince G.E. Lvov.

Siberia on the eve of revolution.

News of the revolution stirred up the population of Siberia, causing crowded meetings, rallies, and processions that took place in many cities. The majority of Siberians welcomed the overthrow of the autocracy.Supporters of the autocracy had small forces, which led to the seizure of power by the revolutionaries. Self-government bodies were created in provincial centers and large cities. Power quickly passed to new revolutionary bodies operating under different names: committees of public order and security, committees of public safety, committees of public organizations, etc. They were created in all provincial centers and large cities of Siberia and played a significant role in the liquidation of the tsarist governing bodies. This included not only representatives of the bourgeoisie, but also leaders of social parties - Socialist Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks.

The provisional government began to form new government bodies.

News of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia

The provisional government formed new state authorities. Commissars were placed at the head of the provinces, and headmen ruled in rural areas. To maintain order, the police were replaced by militia, which were subordinate to the bodies of the Provisional Government.

The ministers of the provisional government tried to preserve the existing administrative apparatus. District courts, state boards, state property management and other institutions continued their work. There were elected city councils and councils. The change of power took place without any external incidents.

Councils of workers', peasants' and soldiers' deputies were created. State structures created by the Provisional Government and councils operated as bodies of people's self-government. The Soviets, where there were many representatives of socialist parties, did not initially put forward political demands, but focused on protecting the economic rights of workers. The Soviets actively cooperated with the Provisional Government.

The main task of the Provisional Government was the convening of the Constituent Assembly. Election commissions were formed throughout the country.

The struggle for power in Siberia.

In the spring of this year, revolutionary and even extremist sentiments, especially deeply felt by the workers, spread among the people. There were very few highly qualified, cultured workers capable of competent perception. Labor soldiers predominated. They demanded an immediate and radical change in living conditions. The Bolshevik Party tried to rely on these layers of the village.

The situation of the Siberians worsened. The war continued, prices rose, people were starving. Inflation ate up almost all wages.

The townspeople's frustration with the economic policies of the Provisional Government grew rapidly. In July 1917, several strikes were organized, in September the number of strikes exceeded 25. Some large-scale strikes involved over 75 thousand people. Workers campaigned for improved working and living conditions.

One of the manifestations of the rapid growth of revolutionary sentiment among workers was the creation of Red Guard detachments, but in most cities of the region the creation of the Red Guard was not relevant. For the most part, the population of Siberia was not inclined towards revolutionary radicalism and remained calm.

Radicalism was just appearing on the issue of war. This was a fair demand for immediate peace without annexations or indemnities. The demand for war was manifested in speeches and rallies.

A peculiar situation developed in the village.The peasants of Siberia lived better materially than the workers, and much more prosperously than the rural workers. Siberia did not know serfdom, there were no landowners' estates, but there was quite enough land. In the region there were many wealthy peasants and Cossack farms who needed socio-economic stability. Therefore, these sections of the population did not advocate the liquidation of the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government enjoyed the trust of the peasants, who made up the largest population of Siberia, for quite a long time.

Siberian peasants, who farmed in conditions of abundant land, were most concerned about the issue of regulating the tax system and state duties, as well as about the fate of state, cabinet and church lands. The peasants sought the alienation of state-owned forests and lands in their favor, the abolition of quitrent articles and in-kind duties.

The Provisional Government and its local authorities delayed the resolution of the agrarian issue, which contributed to the rapid growth of discontent among the peasants, who showed signs of impatience. Rural residents more often arbitrarily disposed of forests and lands, refused to pay rent for hayfields, and disarmed forest guards. Siberian peasants have almost stopped paying taxes and debts on previously taken loans.

The aspirations of the Siberian peasants were most fully reflected by the Socialist Revolutionary Party of the AKP (Socialist Revolutionaries), which was the most popular political party in Siberia. The Social Revolutionaries were followed not only by the bulk of the agricultural population, but also by a significant part of the rural intelligentsia, many workers, and they were also popular in soldier garrisons.

The activities of the Bolshevik communists in Siberia intensified only after Lenin returned to Russia, declaring a course towards revolution. A Central Committee group was sent to Siberia to help local Bolsheviks. In September 1917, the Bolsheviks dissociated themselves from the Mensheviks and created the All-Siberian Bureau.

Guided by Lenin's instructions, the Bolsheviks entered into a struggle with the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks for influence in the Soviets. By July, the Bolsheviks had gained a foothold in the Soviets of Eastern Siberia.

Relationships between the new government and society

The Petrograd events received a wide response among left-radical elements of the urban population. Demonstrations took place under the slogans: “Down with capitalist ministers!”, “All power to the Soviets!”, “Down with war!”, “Democratic control of production!”, “Down with capitalist sabotage!” A huge number of people took part. Most of the Siberian soviets did not follow the Bolsheviks. They condemned the Petrograd Bolsheviks and supported the Provisional Government.

The political situation in Siberia did not change radically. They also supported the Bolshevik resolutions on the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets, and the left-radical slogan “All power to the Soviets!” The influence of the Bolsheviks grew.

But the Siberian communists never managed to solve the strategic task of achieving the irrevocable Bolshevisation of the Soviets and establishing complete control over them. The majority opposed radical communist slogans and remained neutral.

The Bolsheviks were popular in rural Soviets. The predominant positions were occupied by the Socialist Revolutionaries.

The first Congress of the Soviets of Siberia took place on October 16, 1917 (according to the old calendar) in Irkutsk. At the congress, a governing body was formed - Centrosibir. The body was headed by the Bolsheviks, who achieved the transfer of power to the Soviets.

Conclusion:

The news of the overthrow of the autocracy in Petrograd was positively received in Siberia. The tsarist state apparatus was quickly implemented and new authorities were formulated. Siberia reacted most calmly. This largely ensured the position of the prosperous Siberian peasantry.

The most influential party in Siberia were the Social Revolutionaries. For a long time, the Bolshevik Party could not find support in the cities and rural areas of the region. The Bolsheviks nevertheless managed to establish Soviet power in Siberia.

The economic reforms of the Bolsheviks, the introduction of workers' control, the nationalization of industrial enterprises, railways and banks, and the establishment of a grain monopoly led to the collapse of the economy and caused a sharp increase in discontent among the majority of Siberians. In the spring of 1918 Siberia was on the brink of civil war.

Used Books:

History of Siberia. Isupov V.L., Kuznetsov I.S. Part two

History of Siberia. L., 1968. T.Z, section two, chapter 10.

Shornikov M.M. Year seventeen. Novosibirsk, 1967.

Batalov A.N. The Bolshevik struggle for the army in Siberia 1916-February 1918 Novosibirsk, “Science” 1978.

In the battles for Soviet power. Collection of memories. Omsk 1957.

February revolution 1917 in Siberia

1. The beginning of the revolution of 1917 in Siberia

1.1. Siberia on the eve of the revolution

1.2. News of the revolution and the reaction of the population of Siberia

2. Revolutionary transformations in Siberia

2.1. The struggle for power in Siberia

2.2. Creation of revolutionary political organizations in Siberia

3. Siberia after the February Revolution

3.1. The relationship between the new Soviet power

3.2. Creation and activities of local government bodies in Siberia

Introduction

October Revolution 1917 and the establishment of Soviet power in Russia is one of the main events of the 20th century, which radically changed the development of world history. The content of the great changes, party and Soviet construction, the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks, who ensured the ideological and organizational unity of peoples, are revealed through the study of specific historical material. At the same time, the study of the development of the revolutionary process in Western Siberia is of considerable interest. And this is understandable. The results of the class struggle that unfolded here were of paramount importance for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the east of the country and had a significant impact on the political, military and food situation in the revolutionary center.

On the history of the revolution and civil war in Siberia, the activities of local party organizations in 1917-1920. Many books and articles have been written. Particularly noteworthy are the works of participants in the revolutionary events E. M. Yaroslavsky, V. M. Kosarev, V. D. Wegman, K. M. Molotov, B. Z. Shumyatsky, M. N. Tukhachevsky, G. X. Eikhe, A P. Kuchkina I. V. Gromova, Ya. P. Zhigalina. A notable contribution to the identification and generalization of materials characterizing the alignment of class forces and the activities of the Bolsheviks to seize power was made by L. M. Goryushkin, M. M. Shornikov, V. P. Safronov, L. M. Spirin, M. I. Stishov, I. F. Plotnikov, V. A. Kadeikin, P. I. Roshchevskny, V. S. Poznansky, V. T. Agalakov, Yu. V. Zhurov, A. N. Batalov, A. M. Shindin and other researchers . Thanks to their efforts, we know a lot about the revolutionary past of Siberia, Much, but not all.

The circumstances of the establishment of Soviet power in most volost and a number of district centers in Western Siberia have not yet been examined. The history of the formation and combat activities of many partisan detachments, individual large formations, fronts and rebel regions has not been disclosed. The following issues have not received adequate coverage; the deployment of rural cells and territorial organizations of the Bolsheviks; Bolshevisation of the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies in 1918; the role of city committees of the RCP (b) and their envoys in the political education and organization of the peasant masses during the preparation and conduct of partisan war; party leadership of the partisan movement and Soviet construction in areas of mass peasant uprisings; involving village workers in strengthening the political system of the dictatorship of the proletariat during the period of liberation of the region from Kolchak’s followers and interventionists; the role of the Sibburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the army political departments in the party and. Soviet construction and political education of former partisans. In this regard, the historical literature still expresses conflicting opinions about the results of the division of the peasantry along class lines and the degree of organization of the poor in 1918 - the first half of 1920; Unfounded conclusions are made about the general peasant nature of the partisan movement, the rebel authorities and, moreover, the rural revolutionary committees created after the liberation of the region by the Red Army.

1. The beginning of the revolution of 1917 in Siberia

1.1. Siberia on the eve of the revolution

In 1917, 9 million people lived in Siberia, three quarters of them lived in the western provinces. 90 percent of Siberians were engaged in agriculture. However, the land belonged to the treasury and the tsar, whose interests were represented by the Cabinet. Part of the land was owned by the Cossacks, the church, entrepreneurs and landowners, although the number of the latter was insignificant. Only 30 percent of the region's agricultural land was at the disposal of peasant communities. Unlike European Russia, in Siberia rural societies received land only for use. Feudal forms of land tenure were a significant factor in determining the economic situation of the rural population. The peasants paid a poll tax, supported the clergy and the bureaucracy. According to M. N. Yadrintsev, a major expert on pre-revolutionary Siberia, class duties absorbed up to one third of the income of the poor, about a fifteenth of the income of the middle peasants and thirty-fourth of the income of wealthy families.

When assessing the political sentiments of the rural population, it should be borne in mind that in the pre-revolutionary years, the pressure of the tsarist administration on Siberians increased noticeably. The regulations of 1896 provided for the separation of communal lands from the treasury and the Cabinet.

At the same time, it was established that allocations to peasant societies should be made at the rate of 15 dessiatinas per male soul. However, when carrying out demarcation, underestimation of mental allotments and other infringements of the interests of farmers were allowed. As a result, 21.3 million acres of forest and prime agricultural land were confiscated from peasants. Established practices contributed to the spread of rentals. According to the calculations of L.M. Goryushkin, on the eve of the World War, the Cabinet, the treasury and the Cossacks allocated 4.4 million dessiatines for rental plots ( quitrent articles). Of these, about half belonged to the treasury and about a quarter to the Cabinet. Half of the entire rural population of the region turned to rent. Along with this, the volume of class duties increased. So, in 1910 the tsarist government, with the approval State Duma significantly increased the size of the per capita tax levied on Siberians.

The political sentiments of the rural population were determined not only by the remnants of feudalism, but also by the relations characteristic of capitalist society. In the fairly populated and developed regions of Western Siberia, located south of Tobolsk, Omsk and Tomsk, conditions for the development of capitalism in agriculture were much more favorable than in the central regions of the country. When analyzing local features, V.I. Lenin pointed to the absence of landowners, the relative abundance of land in rural societies, the presence of unused land in the possessions of the Cabinet and the treasury, which ensured a relatively “well-fed” existence for the peasant masses.

In Siberia, the development of capitalism in agriculture was facilitated by important features of communal land use. Here the arable land was not divided. Everyone plowed and sowed on the land allocated to the rural community, where they wanted and as much as they could. Despite the apparent equality, the farms were in different conditions. To uproot and develop centuries-old virgin soil, several pairs of working horses and sophisticated tools were required. The kulaks had all this and the poor did not. The flooded meadows were divided strictly according to souls, the rest of the mowing was distributed “by auction.” The method of “divorce by tract” was used more often than others. Hayfields were divided into large areas - tracts, each owner could receive an allotment in any of them in accordance with the number of male souls in the family. The more farms claimed the tract, the smaller the per capita allotments allocated to it became. And vice versa, in areas where there were few people willing to mow, the shower allotments were large. Small farms needed little hay, and they were usually crowded onto nearby plots. The distance did not bother the kulaks. The existing order allowed the wealthy population to seize huge tracts of communal land.

Poor development of transport vehicles and the Chelyabinsk tariff turning point railway for a long time prevented the penetration of Siberian bread into the European market. In this regard, the traditional sphere of investment of kulak capital was livestock farming. Kulak farms were carried out on a large scale. Many of them were not inferior to the landowners. Western Siberia was significantly ahead of all other regions of the country in the development of dairy farming. According to the 1917 census, there were 40.9 cows per 100 inhabitants, while in European Russia there were only 17.5. Siberian oil was widely known on the world market. Its exports abroad in 1917 amounted to 3,521 thousand poods.

The growth of the urban population and the abolition of the Chelyabinsk railway tariff contributed to the development of commercial production of grain crops. In Western Siberia, the size of arable land increased sharply and the technical equipment of kulak farms improved. In 1917, there were 96 dessiatines of crops per 100 inhabitants, while in Central Russia there were 65 dessiatines in the black earth zone, and 34 dessiatines in the non-chernozem zone. On the eve of the revolution, up to 80 million poods of grain were exported annually beyond the Urals.

Since the 20th century, widespread penetration of kulak capital into industry involved in the processing of agricultural raw materials and trade began. To ensure success in competition with large enterprises, the petty bourgeoisie united into cooperatives. In 1917, the Union of Siberian Butter Makers included 1,470 artels, and its trade turnover reached 35 million rubles.

In 1916, the Partnership of Siberian Cooperatives for Purchasing and Sales was founded in Novonikolaevsk. A year later, its members included 9,168 consumer societies, which included 2 million shareholders. Over two years, Zakupsbyt’s trade turnover increased from 3.4 to 40 million rubles. The association had its own mills, oil mills, sawmills, tanneries, steamships and foreign agencies.

As elsewhere under capitalism, in the Siberian village wealth was concentrated at one pole of society, and need at the other. A large group of the rural poor were migrants; their situation can be judged from official surveys. In this regard, the “Collection of statistical information on the economic situation of migrants in the Tomsk province” is very interesting. On the eve of the war, the house-to-house census in the province covered 291 villages, about 18.5 thousand families with a population of 115.5 thousand people. Officials of the resettlement department registered 10,276 farm laborers from 8,515 families, over 21 thousand temporarily or permanently employed in construction, handicrafts and forestry, oil and flour mills, and 841 people on the railway. The presence of 32 thousand annual and temporary workers for 115.5 thousand population is clear evidence of the deep class differentiation of the rural population. Up to 30 percent of the resettlement households had no draft power and did not conduct independent farming. Over 34 percent of households owned just one horse. Such families eked out a miserable existence in the conditions of Siberia. They could not raise virgin soil, remove timber and firewood from a distant forest on their own.

As we can see, about two-thirds of the resettlement households on the eve of the World War were classified as completely bankrupt.

Non-registered peasants found themselves in even more difficult conditions. There were up to 400 thousand such people in Siberia in 1917. Of these, about 130 thousand lived in the Tomsk province. They had no rights to communal land. Most worked for the kulaks.

The class stratification of the rural population increased significantly during the First World War. A stream of refugees from the front line rushed to Western Siberia. Over three years, 170,481 people passed through Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg alone. Most of the refugees had no means of subsistence and lived on alms and odd jobs. In addition, r I914-1917. 371,690 peasant migrants arrived in Siberia. Thus, on the eve of the revolution, the poor peasant population of the region increased by more than half a million people.

The imperialist war accelerated the ruin of the middle peasants, worsened the situation of the poor and caused colossal damage to the country's economy. About 900 thousand peasants from the Siberian provinces were drafted into the army. Farms lost their best workers. The production equipment did not receive the necessary repairs and fell into disarray. Speculation flourished. Prices for shoes, textiles and haberdashery rose two to six times, and for the most popular ones - eight times.

At the same time, the war enriched kulaks and large entrepreneurs. The country's demand for commercial food and fodder has sharply increased. Additional demand came from the army, refugees and the ruined families of front-line soldiers. The kulaks freely disposed of communal lands, leased plots, and had a sufficient number of horses and agricultural machines. The hopeless situation forced women, old people and teenagers to hard work. Soldiers, refugees and new settlers were hired by entrepreneurs for bread and clothing. The brutal exploitation of the poor allowed the wealthy population to increase the production of grain and livestock products. Due to kulak and larger farms, the sown area of ​​Siberia increased from 1913 to 1917 from 7.5 million to 8.7 million dessiatinas, the number of horses - by 1.3 times, sheep - by 1.8, pigs - by three times. The presence of significant food reserves in wealthy households of Western Siberia in an environment of increasing hunger greatly increased the strategic importance of the region.

The results of the class stratification of the Siberian peasantry are summed up in the works of many researchers. L. M. Goryushkin came to the conclusion that in 1917 poor peasant farms accounted for 49.6 percent, middle peasant farms - 32 percent, kulak farms - 18.4 percent. The situation of 70 percent of the middle peasant households was constantly deteriorating, their owners went bankrupt and became poor. V. G. Tkzhavkin, M. M. Shornikoo and other specialists came to similar conclusions. It should be considered proven that, due to economic reasons, at least 60 percent of the rural population of the region was interested not only in the elimination of feudal remnants, but also capitalist forms of exploitation.

The political consciousness and organization in the struggle for their class interests among this part of the rural population were formed under the influence of the proletariat and its party. On the eve of the revolution, 163 thousand workers were employed at industrial enterprises in Western Siberia. The largest proletarian center was Omsk. The city employed 2,000 metal workers, 4,000 railway workers, 2,000 river workers, 600 weavers, 1,100 loaders. Up to 10 thousand workers mined coal in the mines of Kuzbass.

Relatively large cities were Tomsk, Novonikolaevsk, Barnaul and Tyumen, whose industrial enterprises employed several thousand people. The rest of the cities resembled large villages. Their population was engaged in agriculture, handicrafts, trade, carriage, and served in public, private and cooperative institutions.

The working class was in the process of formation. Its qualified core consisted mainly of people from the Urals and the industrial center of the country. Up to half of the workers at construction sites, processing enterprises, mining and some other industries were seasonal workers from the rural poor. According to the calculations of D. M. Zolnikov, in 1916, at 64 coal mining enterprises of the Tomsk Mining District, the number of miners decreased in the summer to 2889 and rose in the winter to 5851. Seasonal workers contributed to the spread of ideas that had become established in the proletarian environment among the peasant masses.

Political exiles had a huge influence on the local population. However, in the populated areas of Western Siberia their numbers were small. For participation in the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. A significant group of railway workers, among whom Bolshevik sentiments prevailed, was sent from the Yenisei province and the Baikal region to the developed agricultural areas of the region. Thus, in the accompanying papers of the future organizer of Soviet power in the Kainsky district it was written: “Philistine of the city of Vinnitsa, Podolsk province. Technical agent Art. Winter Moses Stanislavovich Zdvinsky, 38 years old... A speaker who spoke at meetings of the Ziminsky revolutionary committee, which set as its goal the overthrow of the existing political system through an uprising. Complicity in the disarmament of the captain... Time of arrest: January 10, 1906. Sent to Alexandrovskaya convict prison.” M. S. Zdvinsky, N. F. Torzik, Ivan and Andrey Sinitsky with their families were assigned to live in Nizhny Kargat (Zdvinsk). The workers enjoyed great prestige among the population. With a loan received from the society, they built a steam mill, helped the peasants organize a butter artel and open a cooperative shop. The exiles conducted political agitation in the village. The Chauses created an illegal library. For propaganda against the imperialist war, the Bolshevik M. S. Zdvinsky was returned to the Alexander Central. As a result of the activities of the exiles in the volost, a significant group of active fighters for Soviet power was prepared.

Revolutionary propaganda in the village. Spassky (Vengerovo) of the Ust-Tartas volost of Cannes district was occupied by the participants of the first revolution, V. Orlov, F. A. Plotnikov and A. S. Plotnikov, who were exiled here. Under their influence were M. T. Vengerov, A. I. Gavrilov, M. G. Bratyshkin and many other future heroes of the civil war. In the village of Tipskaya, and then in the village. In Ilansk, Cannes district, propaganda work was carried out by a member of the RSDLP with 1907 . and the St. Petersburg Bolshevik Committee G. A. Usievich, transferred here from the East to a settlement for health reasons. In the village Shipitsino of the same "district lived a family of Kepp workers, expelled from Tallinn for revolutionary activities. In the village of Volchanka, Kamensky district, V.P. Miroshnik, a participant in the first Russian revolution in the Samara province, worked. From the denunciation of the head of the village of Nikolsky, Kannsky district, it is clear that the exiled settler Lisitsin campaigned against the existing system and distributed appeals to the population with a call to unite in a joint struggle for liberation.The police officer's report reported that the exiled settler Moroz in the Tarsky district held secret gatherings at which he agitated the peasants not to pay taxes and not to give their sons as soldiers.

In the village The Peasant Socialist Union arose in Korkinsky, Turin district. Its members maintained a printing house and published the magazines “Our Idlers,” “Towards Unity,” and “Call.” Before the arrest of the underground, 8-10 issues of each publication were distributed throughout the area.

The influence of the proletariat and its party on the peasantry of Western Siberia increased significantly during the First World War. The hardships of wartime exacerbated class contradictions and contributed to the emergence of a situation in which “the upper classes could not, and the lower classes did not want to live in the old way.” According to calculations by V.M. Samosudov, the protest of the population of Western Siberia against conscription in the fall of 1914 in 170 cases took the form of open riots. Serious clashes between recruits and police and troops took place at recruiting stations and during their trains in Omsk, Ishim, Novonikolaevsk, Barnaul and Kuznetsk. Conscripts smashed wine shops and beat up policemen and tsarist officials. In Barnaul, up to 20 thousand people took part in such unrest. The military presence in the city and many offices of trading firms were destroyed, and on the night of July 24, 1914, an armed attempt was made to seize the prison. Local Social Democrats issued a leaflet addressed to conscripts.

The army was the harsh school of political education for the peasant masses. 22 divisions were sent from Siberia to the front. Losses in those killed at the front were often made up by the workers of Petrograd, Moscow, Riga and other industrial centers. Bolshevik sentiments were spreading in the trenches. From the second half of 1916, unrest among the soldiers grew. Siberians took part in them.

The influence of the Bolsheviks spread in the barracks of the rear garrisons. Before being sent to the front, conscripts from Western Siberian provinces underwent military training mainly in Omsk, Tomsk and Novonikolaevsk. In 1916, the tsarist government drafted political exiles into the army. Among the soldiers were prominent figures of the RSDLP (b).

The exiles from Narym left a deep imprint on political education. Here, on the eve of conscription, 20 revolutionaries created the military-socialist union “War to War”, developed a program of activities, and elected a leading five. Once in the barracks of the Tomsk garrison, members of the Union established contact with local Bolsheviks I. L. Nakhaiovich, A. I. Belents, A. F. Ivanov, V. M. Klipov. With their help, a printing house was created and the production of leaflets was organized. Members of the Union explained to the soldiers and visiting relatives the criminal nature of the war, and exposed its inspirers and accomplices - the defencists. They argued that only a revolution would provide the peasants with peace, land and civil rights. Clandestine revolutionary cells operated in regiments and marching companies. Through the Bolshevik A.F. Klepper, the Union established contact with the garrison of Novoni-Kolaevsk, and through V.M. Klipov, with the garrisons of Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk. Leaflets from Tomsk were transported in military trains throughout Western Siberia. They even reached the front. On the eve of the February Revolution, the Union consisted of 200 people. The Novonikolaevsk branch of the Tomsk Military Socialist Union was active. He campaigned in the 17th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd reserve regiments and the 707th militia squad. A. F. Klepper, Ozolin, Popov, drafted into the army from Narym exile, as well as non-commissioned officer D. Kotelnikov, soldiers S. I. Isakov and L. Zvershinsky, who were recruited by them, explained to the soldiers the need to turn their arms against their oppressors.

Despite the small number of Bolsheviks, their influence on the poorest population of the region was significant. Workers and soldiers were prepared to participate in revolutionary events. The peasantry showed discontent. On the eve of the revolution, soldiers of the Siberian garrisons refused to shoot at the starving population participating in the destruction of food stores and speculators' shops. Desertion from marching companies became widespread.

The working peasantry actually stopped paying taxes, sheltered thousands of deserters, and participated in unauthorized logging. Refusals of rural societies to recognize acts of land delimitation presented to them, according to which the peasantry was deprived of many lands of traditional use, became widespread. The hardships of the war, Bolshevik propaganda at the front, in reserve regiments, in the cities and villages of the region prepared Siberians for active participation in the events of the February Revolution.

1.2. News of the revolution and the reaction of the population of Siberia

In Siberia, representatives of the big bourgeoisie, led by the Cadets, with the active participation of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, formed the Coalition Committee in Omsk, and in Tomsk, Barnaul, Novonikolaevsk, Kuznetsk and other cities - committees of public order and security, which declared themselves local authorities. State property came under their control. The bureaucratic apparatus inherited from the old regime was subordinate to them.

Simultaneously with the bourgeois committees, revolutionary authorities were formed - the Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Soviet construction was led by workers. The bulk of voters in the large garrison centers of Western Siberia were soldiers. Thus, in the elections of the Omsk Council of Workers and the Omsk Council of Military Deputies, which took place after the grandiose demonstration on March 3, 1917, 20 thousand workers and 56 thousand soldiers took part. Here the Social Democratic Internationalists enjoyed special confidence. Their leader K. A. Popov was elected chairman of the city executive committee. Soon the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies united. The City Council helped the garrison of many thousands create soldiers' committees in all units. The military department of the City Council, which was headed by the Bolshevik M.L. Zisserman, organized instructions for their representatives. At a conference of delegates of regiments, militia squads and individual units, Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet on the democratization of the army was approved, and a garrison committee was elected.

The revolutionary transformations in Tomsk were led by the Military Socialist Union. On March 3, he organized a crowded demonstration. However, not only soldiers and workers took to the streets, but also officers, cadets, officials, reactionary ordinary people and students. The slogans of the Union are “Workers of all countries, unite!”, “Down with war!” were met with hostility by many. The demonstrators destroyed the gendarmerie department and ended the power of the governor. On the same day, elections began for the Tomsk Council of Soldiers' Deputies. They were much more organized than in other cities of Western Siberia. Most members of the Military Socialist Union were elected to regimental, battalion and company committees.

The soldiers demanded the immediate convening of the Constituent Assembly, the approval of a democratic republic, freedom of association, speech, press, assembly, conscience and personal integrity, the gratuitous confiscation and transfer to peasants of cabinet, appanage, monastic and other large land holdings, the introduction of elective command of the army and government officials apparatus. From mid-March, the garrison committee began publishing the newspaper Izvestia of the Council of Soldiers' Deputies.

On March 3, elections to the Novonikolaevsk City Council of Workers' Deputies took place. It included the Bolsheviks V. R. Romanov, S. I. Kanatchikov, F. P. Serebrennikov, G. E. Dronin, S. A. Schwartz, S. Ya. Yakushev, I. Dyakov, M. Kashirtsev. However, the majority of deputies supported the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. Menshevik of extreme right-wing convictions V.I. German-Kamensky was elected chairman of the city executive committee. In the military town, on the basis of Order No. 1, a garrison committee arose. The Bolsheviks L.F. Klepper and A.F. Andrievsky became its members. However, the vast majority of rural youth drafted into the army sympathized with the Socialist Revolutionaries. Events in Omsk, Tomsk and Novonikolaevsk, where significant masses of workers and thousands of soldiers were stationed, were of decisive importance for the whole of Siberia.

In Barnaul, the activities of the Bolsheviks in Soviet construction were led by I. V. Prisyagin- and M. K. Tsaplin, a member of the party since 1904, a graduate of the Leninist party school in Longjumeau (France). Here, as in other relatively small garrisons, masses of soldiers followed the Social Revolutionaries.

In most district and volost centers, villages and hamlets of Western Siberia, the peasantry was in no hurry to elect Soviets. This lag in the revolutionary organization of the masses (not only from the European center, but also from the neighboring Yenisei province) was not accidental. It was determined by the weak representation of the industrial proletariat among the local population, and most importantly, by the acute shortage of cadres of genuine revolutionaries capable of overcoming the illusions of the working peasantry regarding the Provisional Government. However, here too the revolutionary process embraced the broad masses of working people. The struggle to eliminate the remnants of feudalism unfolded in the villages. Symbols of royal power were destroyed. Peasant leaders were expelled. Civil servants, guards of cabinet estates and individual monarchist officials were disarmed and removed from their duties. The peasants refused to pay class payments and rent for land. Unauthorized felling of forests belonging to the king and the treasury took place.

At the head of the developing revolutionary process was the proletariat. At many enterprises, an eight-hour working day and collective agreements with employers were introduced by default. The political activity of the workers inspired the soldiers. They rose up to fight for the elimination of the rules in the army introduced back in tsarist times.

The purpose of the work is to consider the historical processes of the 1917 revolution. in Siberia.

The following scientific research methods were used in the work:

Historical materialism, representing the extension of dialectical materialism to the study of the phenomena of social life. According to the requirements of the method of materialist dialectics, all state-legal phenomena are considered in the mutual connection between themselves and social life, in their conditionality. They are not in statics, but in dynamics, development based on the laws of transition from gradual quantitative changes to radical qualitative transformations, the struggle of contradictions between the old and the new, between the obsolete and the emerging, the negation of negation in social life, with which the emergence, development and functioning of the state and law.

Historical andlogical methods. While coinciding in the final goal of the study, the historical and logical methods differ from each other in the source materials, as well as the immediate objectives of the study. The first method is characterized by concrete historical, historical and empirical forms of presentation of the material, the second - by abstract theoretical forms.

Comparative method involves comparing various legal concepts, phenomena and processes and clarifying the similarities and differences between them.

The work is based on the results of research conducted by Russian historians on general issues of the history of Russia, the USSR and Siberia.

Gorushkiy L.M. Siberian peasantry at the turn of the century. Novosibirsk, “Science” 1967, p. 138

Shukletsov V.T. Siberians in the struggle for the power of the Soviets Novosibirsk 1981.- p. 14

Shukletsov V.T. Siberians in the struggle for the power of the Soviets Novosibirsk 1981.- p. 15

Shukletsov V.T. Siberians in the struggle for the power of the Soviets Novosibirsk 1981.- p. 16

Samosudov V.M. Revolutionary movement in Western Siberia (1907 - 1917) Omsk 1970 With. 156